Formic acid
January 31st, 2011Formic acid, also called formic acid. Ant and bee secretions containing formic acid secretion, had it obtained when distilled formic acid ants, so there is such a name. Colorless and have a stimulating odor of formic acid, and corrosive contact with human skin will blister and swollen. Melting point 8.4 ℃, boiling point 100.8 ℃. Since the special structure of formic acid, hydrogen atoms and one of its carboxyl directly. Can also be seen as a hydroxyl formaldehyde. Therefore, both formic acid and formaldehyde and nature. In the chemical industry, formic acid is used in rubber, pharmaceuticals, dyes, leather type industry.
Directory
Introduction
Properties Overview
Physical and chemical properties
Preparation of industrial production method
Overseas market
Domestic Production Status and Market Forecast
The main purpose
Risk
First aid measures
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / personal protection
Stability and reactivity
Toxicological information
Management Information Base management operations
Storage Management
Transport management
Waste Management
Exposure controls
Personal Protection
Introduction
Properties Overview
Physical and chemical properties
Preparation of industrial production method
Overseas market
Domestic Production Status and Market Forecast
The main purpose
Risk
First aid measures
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / personal protection Stability and Reactivity Toxicological Information Management Information Base
Management of storage operations management abandoned the management of transport management control of individual exposure to Expand Protection Profile Edit this paragraph
Pinyin: jia suan acid structure
English name: methanoic acid; formic acid another name: formic acid (formic acid), mosquito-acid formula: HCOOH Molecular weight: 46.03 Molecular Structure: see right
Edit this paragraph properties
Overview
Formic acid and water and most polar organic solvents miscible in hydrocarbons has some solubility. In the gaseous hydrocarbons and formic acid to the dimer through hydrogen bonds form appears. In the gas, the hydrogen bonding leads to acid gases and ideal gas equation of state of a large deviation between. Formic acid from the liquid and solid continuous formic acid by hydrogen bonding molecules. Formic acid
Most of the other carboxylic acid has the same nature, although usually not generate acid chloride or anhydride. Until recently, all attempts to derivatives of formic acid into the product of attempts to end carbon monoxide. A fluoride and sodium formate formyl anhydride can be minus 78 degrees Celsius in the reaction. Chloride by hydrogen chloride gas will be minus 60 degrees by 1 – formylimidazole be a chloride solution. Dehydration of formic acid decomposition of carbon monoxide and water. Formic acid and aldehydes with similar reduction. It from the silver mirror reaction, the silver ammonia complex ion in the reduction of silver ions into metallic silver, but they have been oxidized into carbon dioxide and water: HCOOH +2 AgOH → 2Ag +2 H2O + CO2 and formic acid is the only addition reactions to olefins carboxylic acid. Formic acid under the action of acid (such as sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid), and the rapid reaction of olefin ester. However, side effects similar to Koch reaction can occur, the product is more advanced carboxylic acid. Most formate dissolved in water.
Physical and chemical properties
Main components: content: a ≥ 90.0%; two ≥ 85.0%. Appearance: colorless fuming liquid with a strong pungent smell. Melting point (℃): 8.2 Boiling point (℃): 100.8 Relative density (water = 1): 1.23 Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.59 Vapor Pressure (kPa): 5.33 (24 ℃) heat of combustion (kJ / mol) : 254.4 Critical Temperature (℃): 306.8 formic acid
Critical pressure (MPa): 8.63 Octanol / water partition coefficient values: -0.54 Flash point (℃): 68.9 (OC) ignition temperature (℃): 410 upper explosive limit% (V / V): 57.0% explosion limit (V / V): 18.0 Solubility: miscible with water and insoluble in hydrocarbons, soluble in alcohol. Stability and reactivity: stability. INCOMPATIBILITY: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, reactive metal powders. Hazardous characteristics: its vapor and air to form explosive mixtures case of fire, high-heat combustion caused the explosion. Oyster reacts with strong oxidants. Has strong corrosive. Solubility: dissolved in water, insoluble in hydrocarbons, soluble in alcohol. HCOOH, also known as formic acid, is a colorless, fuming, while stimulating odor of flammable liquid with a strong corrosive acid with water, ethanol, ethyl ether, glycerol and other corrosive and compatibility with spicy spicy acidity of the volatile liquid, formic acid was first proposed by J.-L. cover – Lussac obtained by acid decomposition. 1855 ~ 1856, M. Berthelot and carbon monoxide with sodium hydroxide to be prepared directly from sodium, T. Godwin – Schmidt, the first method by hydrolysis obtained from sodium formate. This method began in Europe in 1896 for industrial production, this method still has a small batch production. Scientific American design company in 1980, Bethlehem Steel and Leonard successfully developed the production of methanol carbonylation method for formic acid and formic acid 20kt factory has an annual production. In addition, formic acid oxidation may also be light oil recovery of acetic acid by-products obtained.
Edit this paragraph Preparation
Preparation of other chemicals (especially acetic acid) in the process, a large number of formic acid as a by-product is produced. However, such preparation is far from the formic acid can not meet the current needs, some are direct production of formic acid. Under the action of the alkali, the reaction of methanol and methyl carbon monoxide: CH3OH + CO → HCOOCH3 in industrial production, the reaction in the liquid state and under pressure. The typical reaction conditions of 80 degrees C and 40 atmospheres. Base for the widely used sodium methoxide. Hydrolysis of methyl formate by formic acid. HCOOCH3 + H2O → HCOOH + CH3OH hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a lot of water to ensure the reaction smoothly. Some manufacturers use an indirect means of hydrolysis, the first reaction of methyl formamide and ammonia, and sulfuric acid by acid hydrolysis of formamide: HCOOCH3 + NH3 → HCONH2 + CH3OH 2HCONH2 + 2H2O + H2SO4 → 2HCOOH + (NH4 ) 2SO4 This technique has its drawbacks, especially in the handling of by-product ammonium sulfate. Some manufacturers recently developed a class of energy-saving methods, about a large number of acid hydrolysis from the aqueous solution directly extracted. In one method (used by BASF), the formic acid under the effect of organic base were extracted by the wet method. Prepared in the laboratory, the acid can be heated in anhydrous oxalic acid in glycerol, and then steam distilled. Another preparation method (must be carried out in the hood) is different in acetonitrile under hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. C2H5NC + 2H2O → C2H5NH2 + HCOOH Preparation of isocyanide was obtained from the ethylamine and chloroform. (Isocyanide too unpleasant odor that the reaction must be carried out in a fume hood.)
Industrial production method
Industrial production are Sodium acid method, formamide method, butane (or light oil) liquid phase oxidation process and methyl formate hydrolysis of four routes. Sodium acid method is the traditional production methods, but the poor working conditions, pollution is serious. Many industrialized countries have eliminated the law, but the vast majority of formic acid production enterprises in China still use this method. Germany’s BASF method developed technology formamide high production costs, subsequently eliminated. Butane (or light oil) liquid phase oxidation process is a production of heat and power while acetic acid production methods, production of 1t of each acetic acid, formic acid by-product of 0.05 ~ 0.25t, 70s of last century was the main method of foreign production of formic acid, Later, with the low pressure methanol carbonylation acetic acid synthesis technology, industrialization, the development of the law is no longer the future, and now most of the butane (or light oil) liquid-phase oxidation device has been successively discontinued. At present, the foreign production of mainly methyl formate hydrolysis, accounting for 80% of the total capacity of formic acid. Methyl formate hydrolysis process: (1) CO carbonylation of methanol and methyl formate synthesis; (2) hydrolysis of methyl formate and methanol, methanol recycling. Process according to the different features of the Act can be divided into Kemira-Leonard technology, Bethlechem Stell process, BASF process technology and USSR. Kemira-Leonard technological features is the use of a unique alkoxide additives added to the catalyst, the reaction pressure to cut in half, hydrolysis using pre-mixed and flash technology, a large number of methyl formate in the flash is steamed inside, formic acid separation column in the low reflux ratio, low temperature, short contact time under the operation, formic acid and then esterification rate of less than 0.1%. The process in 1982 in Finland Kemira’s 20,000 t / a unit on industrialization, then the company has improved Kemira, respectively, in South Korea, India and Indonesia device applications. Bethlechem Stell process is characterized by liquid phase hydrolysis reaction carried out in uniform, mild reaction conditions, simple process, equipment reliability, can produce high-purity acid. Hydrolyzate ratio generally is water: methyl = 3:1 ~ 1:3, 10% methanol by-product. The process by U.S. companies and Bethlechem Stell SD company in the joint development of the last century 80′s success. BASF carbonylation process operating conditions and process technology similar to Kemira-Leonard, whose main feature is the use of special solvent methyl formate hydrolysis as the extraction solvent, methyl formate conversion rate, operating pressure of formic acid separation tower, the tower is less acid voltage towers, 30% can reduce the amount of steam, but the process operation more difficult. The process in 1981 in Ludwigshafen, Germany’s 10,000 t / a unit on industrialization. USSR is characterized by two-stage process continuous hydrolysis reaction, the use of strong acid ion exchange resin as acid catalyst, the disadvantage is more difficult to process operation, the investment is higher. Reaction temperature 55 ~ 62 ℃, water: methyl = 14:1 (mol), 87% conversion rate of methyl formate, formic acid purity of 86.5%. The law in Ukraine Saratov in 1989 set 40000 t / a unit on industrialization. Allegedly, the four hydrolysis process their own strengths, to Kemira-Leonard technology investment most provinces, the most economical and reasonable process. Hydrolysis of methyl formate as the current process in the production process requires a lot of process water, production costs for product separation high end, manufacturers and formic acid in the development of more effective separation technology. For example, Kemira companies have proposed using the catalytic effect of hydrolysis and absorption of solid ion exchange material, while in the methyl formate hydrolysis, separation of methanol and formic acid; BASF Corporation under the conditions proposed in the mild hydrolysis of the methyl formate, formic acid and the After separation of methyl formate, benzyl formate to use, such as separation of formic acid and methyl formate extraction and pumping of wastewater proposed recycling and so on. Line in the development of new technologies, the main research lines are: (1) formic acid precursor – methyl preparation, the field of catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol, methanol oxidative dehydrogenation, CO2 and methanol and hydrogen condensation, synthesis Direct synthesis gas, etc., of which methanol carbonylation to methyl formate dehydrogenation process and catalyst of methanol to methyl formate process more domestic and foreign research in recent years, a certain industrial applications. (2) one-step direct oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid catalyzed formation. The technology developed by BIC V-Ti-O catalyst, the temperature range is about 100 ~ 140 ℃, the initial selectivity of formic acid can reach about 96% to 98%, catalyst production rate of formic acid 70g / L · h, the current The method has been done in the laboratory experiments and pilot. (3) CO2 Hydrogenation to take a direct formic acid. The technology from the mid-90s, the use of ruthenium catalyst, in 20.5MPa, 50 ℃ and the synthesis of formic acid under the presence of triethylamine. From an environmental point of view, the development of this route has some significance, but there is a long distance away from the industrialization, the progress is, and still at a basic stage of exploration.
Overseas market
The four largest manufacturers of formic acid production capacity: the German company BASF (193,000 t / a); Finland Kemira, Inc. (80,000 t / a); Russian Techmashimpor Corporation (80,000 t / a); the British company BP (65,000 t / a); which is used by the British BP, light oil liquid phase oxidation, the remaining three are used methyl formate hydrolysis. Abroad for better development and utilization of formic acid, the scope of application has expanded each year, also increasing the amount of formic acid. Acid consumption abroad is the biggest leather, used for tanning and leather processing, to prevent mildew. The second largest use is in agriculture, to save the green fodder and grain. Europe, Asia Pacific and the Americas, the demand for a ratio of 4:2:1 formic acid, Europe (including Africa and the Middle East) of the acid excess capacity is exported to the Americas and Asia-Pacific net exporter. Formic acid in 2004 the global demand for 43 ~ 45 million t / a, expects global demand for formic acid at an annual 2% to 3% growth, with Europe in great demand as a feed additive, the average annual growth rate will reach 8% to 10%. The main reason is from 2006, the European Union to fully disable the non-prescription diet antibiotics. Experts predict that the region is very broad application prospects of formic acid, at present, formic acid is mainly used in the area of natural rubber coagulant, the future of the feed market in Asia will have a great momentum of growth.
Domestic Production Status and Market Forecast
Since 1989, China’s production of acid by sodium, as of March 2006 statistics, a total of more than 60 manufacturers, with a total installed capacity of about 240,000 t / a, which Feicheng ACID Chemical Company (60,000 t / a ), Nanjing YPC joint venture plant (50,000 t / a), Jinan Chemical Plant (20,000 t / a) and Xin’anjiang chemical plant (10,000 t / a) using methyl formate hydrolysis process, the rest are sodium Law Technology , lower production levels, higher material and energy consumption. The consumption of formic acid gradually increased over the years. Currently, the domestic market consumption of formic acid is about 15 million t, the consumption ratio of 50% for pharmaceutical, chemical 15%, 13% of pesticides, rubber chemicals, 9%, other 13%. Formic acid is one of China’s traditional export products, of which 80% of export Southeast Asia, 12% of export to Europe, the rest of Oceania. Formic acid in China in recent years, rapid growth in exports, particularly export growth rate of nearly two years a larger export volume in 2004 was 14,100 t, 2005 exports amounted to 27,300 t, compared with an increase of 93.6% in 2004, almost doubled. It is reported that Feicheng ACID is Asia’s largest chemical company formic acid production enterprises, the acid of the total export volume has accounted for 85% of exports. R & D in China in the formic acid has also carried out some work, for example, FEICHENG ACID chemical companies in the introduction of U.S. technology companies methyl amine hydrolysis process, after its own innovation, the catalyst has been successful domestically, formed with independent intellectual property rights of technology; Southwest Chemical Industry Research & Design Institute Ministry of Chemical Industry, Kunming University of Science and other units to develop a “system of formic acid yellow phosphoric tail gas purification technology,” the recovery of phosphorus gas purification, by Oxo or converted into synthesis gas, then obtained high quality, low cost products, formic acid is formic acid yellow phosphorus production of industrial waste gas treatment and a major technological innovation. Currently there are some devices are built or proposed, such as Guizhou, 20,000 t / a (under construction, scheduled for completion in 2006, methyl Law), Shandong Luxi Chemical Co., Ltd. Industrial Park, 20000 t / a (positive investment , methyl formate hydrolysis method). With the vigorous development of China’s livestock industry, formic acid as silage and crop storage agents, preservatives will have a larger potential market. With the great attention of domestic environmental protection, formic acid in the tanning and dyeing industry of better market prospects. In recent years, some foreign companies have started to transfer to China formic acid production, such as BASF and the Chinese joint venture built in Nanjing YPC 50000 t / a carboxylic acid unit, has become a large-scale joint petrochemical plant in Nanjing, part of the United States AAT companies the formic acid production focus to China, therefore, our process uses sodium competitive pressures faced by the small device may need to continuously improve the production level, reducing material consumption, energy consumption, improve product quality, to increase the overall level of formic acid production.
Edit the main purposes of this paragraph
Formic acid is one of basic organic chemical raw material, widely used in pesticides, leather, dyes, pharmaceuticals and rubber industries. Formic acid can be
Directly used for fabric processing, leather tanning, textile dyeing and green fodder storage, can be used as metal surface treatment agent, rubber chemicals and industrial solvents. In organic synthesis for the synthesis of various ester and acridine dyes and formamide series of pharmaceutical intermediates. Specifically as follows: (1) pharmaceutical industry: caffeine, dipyrone, aminopyrine, aminophylline, theobromine, borneol, vitamin B1, metronidazole, mebendazole. (2) Pesticide Industry: triadimefon, triadimefon, tricyclazole, three ammonia yl, triazophos, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, insecticidal ethers, dicofol, write purine and so on. (3) Chemical industry: calcium formate, sodium formate, ammonium, potassium, ethyl formate, barium formate, dimethyl formamide, formamide, rubber antioxidant, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, epoxidized soybean oil, ring octyl oxygen soybean oil, special e chloride, paint remover, phenolic resin, steel pickling and so on. (4) Leather industry: leather tanning set deliming agent and neutralizing agent. (5) Rubber industry: natural rubber coagulant. (6) Other: You can also create printing coal agent, fiber and paper, dyes, processing agents, plasticizers, food preservation and animal feed additives. (7) Preparation of CO. Chemical formula: HCOOH (concentrated H2SO4 catalyst) heated = CO + H2O
Edit this paragraph risk
Hazard Class: pathways: health hazards: The main cause of skin and mucous membrane irritation. Contact can cause conjunctivitis, eyelid edema, rhinitis, bronchitis, and might cause acute chemical pneumonia. Formic acid concentration after oral administration of oral and gastrointestinal mucosal erosion, causing vomiting, diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding, or even due to acute renal failure or respiratory failure and death. Skin contact can cause inflammation and ulcers. Occasional allergic reactions. Environmental hazards: a hazard to the environment, can cause pollution of water bodies. Explosion risk: It can burn, a strong corrosive, irritant, can cause the body burns.
Edit this paragraph first aid measures
Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing, wash with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Medical treatment. Eye contact: immediately filed eyelid, with plenty of water or saline thoroughly washed at least 15 minutes. Medical treatment. Inhalation: rapidly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, artificial respiration. Medical treatment. Ingestion: Wash out mouth, to blues or egg white. Medical treatment. Fire-fighting measures hazardous characteristics: flammable. The vapor and air can form explosive mixtures case of fire, high-heat combustion caused the explosion. With the strong oxidant chemical reactions can occur. Has strong corrosive. Hazardous combustion products: carbon monoxide. Fire fighting methods: Firemen must wear full protective clothing, wearing breathing apparatus the fire. Water cooling containers to keep the fire, and water spray protection to the plugging of the staff. Extinguishing agents: foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.
Edit this paragraph spill emergency
Emergency treatment: rapid withdrawal from air leakage personnel to a safe area, and isolation and strict restrictions on access [1]. Cut off the fire source. Recommended emergency personnel wearing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, wear acid proof overalls. Do not direct contact with leakage. Cut off the source of leakage as possible. Prevent from entering sewers, flood discharge trench so restrictive space. A small leak: sand or other non-combustible materials, adsorption or absorption. You can also sprinkle ground soda ash, and then rinse with plenty of water, diluted into the wastewater system. Large leak: to build a causeway or trenching asylum. Foam coverage, lower vapor disasters. Water-spray cooling and dilution steam. Pump to transfer tankers or exclusive collector, recycling or shipped to the waste disposal sites.
Edit this paragraph Handling and storage
Handling Precautions: closed operations, enhance ventilation. The operator must go through specialized training, strict compliance with operating procedures. Proposed operators wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), wear rubber acid suit, wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Away from fire, heat, non-smoking workplace. Use explosion proof ventilation systems and equipment. To prevent vapor leakage into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidants, bases, active metal powder contact. Handling of light when light unloading, packaging and containers to prevent damage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment and emergency equipment leakage. Empty containers may remain hazardous materials. Storage: Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Away from fire and heat. Storage temperature does not exceed 30 ℃, relative humidity of not more than 85%. Keep container closed. Should oxidants, bases, active metal powder stored separately and avoid mixing reservoir. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. Storage areas should be equipped with emergency spill handling equipment and suitable host material.
Edit this paragraph Exposure controls / personal protection
Occupational exposure limit Chinese MAC (mg/m3): not established the former Soviet Union MAC (mg/m3): 1 TLVTN: OSHA 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3; ACGIH 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3 TLVWN: ACGIH 10ppm, 19mg/m3 monitoring methods: gas chromatography engineering control: production process confined to enhance ventilation. Provide safety shower and eyewash equipment. Respiratory protection: its vapor may come into contact, must wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), or self-priming long tube mask. Emergency rescue or evacuation, it is recommended to wear breathing apparatus. Eye protection: Respiratory Protection has been protective. Physical protection: wear rubber acid suit. Hand protection: wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Other protection: work site prohibit smoking, eating and drinking. After work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Edit this paragraph Stability and reactivity
Stability: INCOMPATIBILITY: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, reactive metal powders. Avoid contact with the conditions: polymerization hazards: Decomposition products:
Edit this paragraph toxicological information
Acute toxicity: LD50: 1100 mg / kg (rat oral) LC50: 15000 mg/m3, 15 min (rat inhalation) sub-acute and chronic toxicity: irritation: rabbit eyes: 122mg, severe stimulation. Open Rabbit percutaneous stimulation test: 610mg, mildly stimulating. Ecological Information Other harmful effects: the substance of the environmental hazards, should pay special attention to water pollution. Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Method: dispose of by burning. CAS No.: 64-18-6 methanol carbonylation first carbon monoxide and methanol at 80 ℃ and 4MPa conditions, the reaction of sodium methoxide as a catalyst to produce methyl formate, and then in the presence of acid catalyst, the methyl at 90 ~ 140 ℃ and 0.5 ~ 1.8MPa conditions methanol and formic acid hydrolysis, obtained by separating and refining the concentration of 85% formic acid. Returns carbonylation of methanol reactor. Reaction is as follows: CO + CH3OH ─ → HCOOCH3 HCOOCH3 + H2O ─ → HCOOH + CH3OH as ester hydrolysis reaction is reversible, so they can first make a ester with ammonia in 80 ~ 100 ℃ and 0.4 ~ 0.6MPa under the reaction of a amide, and then at 85 ℃ with 70% sulfuric acid continuous hydrolysis. 】 【Packing and Storage: plastic drum (25kg 250kg) acid is a flammable liquid storage and transportation should be avoided away from heat exposure, rain, avoid ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric together, kept in a cool, dry, ventilated place.
Edit this paragraph MIB
Operations management
Closed operations, enhance ventilation. The operator must go through specialized training, strict compliance with operating procedures. Proposed operators wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), wear rubber acid suit, wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Away from fire, heat, non-smoking workplace. Use explosion proof ventilation systems and equipment. To prevent vapor leakage into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidants, bases, active metal powder contact. Handling of light when light unloading, packaging and containers to prevent damage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment and emergency equipment leakage. Empty containers may remain hazardous materials.
Storage Management
Stored in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Away from fire and heat. Storage temperature does not exceed 30 ℃, relative humidity of not more than 85%. Keep container closed. Should oxidants, bases, active metal powder stored separately and avoid mixing reservoir. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. Storage areas should be equipped with emergency spill handling equipment and suitable host material.
Transport management
Rail transport should be in strict accordance with the Ministry of Railways, “Dangerous Goods Code” in the loading of dangerous goods equipped with tables. Time of shipment to complete packaging, loading should be safe. During transport to ensure that the container does not leak, did not fall, do not fall, no damage. Strictly prohibited and oxidants, bases, reactive metal powders, food chemicals such as mixed, mixed operation. Transport The transport vehicles should be equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment and emergency equipment leakage. Transit should be anti-exposure, rain, anti-high temperature. According to the provisions road transport routes, do not stay in residential areas and densely populated areas.
Waste Management
Disposal by incineration.
Exposure controls
Occupational exposure limit Chinese MAC (mg/m3): not established the former Soviet Union MAC (mg/m3): 1 TLVTN: OSHA 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3; ACGIH 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3 TLVWN: ACGIH 10ppm, 19mg/m3 monitoring methods: gas chromatography engineering control: production process confined to enhance ventilation. Provide safety shower and eyewash equipment. Respiratory protection: its vapor may come into contact, must wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), or self-priming long tube mask. Emergency rescue or evacuation, it is recommended to wear breathing apparatus.
Personal Protection
Eye protection: Respiratory Protection has been protective. Physical protection: wear rubber acid suit. Hand protection: wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Other protection: work site prohibit smoking, eating and drinking. After work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
