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Introduction
Properties Overview
Physical and chemical properties
Preparation of industrial production method
Overseas market
Domestic Production Status and Market Forecast
The main purpose
Risk
First aid measures
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / personal protection
Stability and reactivity
Toxicological information
Management Information Base management operations
Storage Management
Transport management
Waste Management
Exposure controls
Personal Protection
Introduction
Properties Overview
Physical and chemical properties
Preparation of industrial production method
Overseas market
Domestic Production Status and Market Forecast
The main purpose
Risk
First aid measures
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / personal protection Stability and Reactivity Toxicological Information Management Information Base
Management of storage operations management abandoned the management of transport management control of individual exposure to Expand Protection Profile Edit this paragraph
Pinyin: jia suan acid structure
English name: methanoic acid; formic acid another name: formic acid (formic acid), mosquito-acid formula: HCOOH Molecular weight: 46.03 Molecular Structure: see right
Edit this paragraph properties
Overview
Formic acid and water and most polar organic solvents miscible in hydrocarbons has some solubility. In the gaseous hydrocarbons and formic acid to the dimer through hydrogen bonds form appears. In the gas, the hydrogen bonding leads to acid gases and ideal gas equation of state of a large deviation between. Formic acid from the liquid and solid continuous formic acid by hydrogen bonding molecules. Formic acid
Most of the other carboxylic acid has the same nature, although usually not generate acid chloride or anhydride. Until recently, all attempts to derivatives of formic acid into the product of attempts to end carbon monoxide. A fluoride and sodium formate formyl anhydride can be minus 78 degrees Celsius in the reaction. Chloride by hydrogen chloride gas will be minus 60 degrees by 1 – formylimidazole be a chloride solution. Dehydration of formic acid decomposition of carbon monoxide and water. Formic acid and aldehydes with similar reduction. It from the silver mirror reaction, the silver ammonia complex ion in the reduction of silver ions into metallic silver, but they have been oxidized into carbon dioxide and water: HCOOH +2 AgOH → 2Ag +2 H2O + CO2 and formic acid is the only addition reactions to olefins carboxylic acid. Formic acid under the action of acid (such as sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid), and the rapid reaction of olefin ester. However, side effects similar to Koch reaction can occur, the product is more advanced carboxylic acid. Most formate dissolved in water.
Physical and chemical properties
Main components: content: a ≥ 90.0%; two ≥ 85.0%. Appearance: colorless fuming liquid with a strong pungent smell. Melting point (℃): 8.2 Boiling point (℃): 100.8 Relative density (water = 1): 1.23 Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.59 Vapor Pressure (kPa): 5.33 (24 ℃) heat of combustion (kJ / mol) : 254.4 Critical Temperature (℃): 306.8 formic acid
Critical pressure (MPa): 8.63 Octanol / water partition coefficient values: -0.54 Flash point (℃): 68.9 (OC) ignition temperature (℃): 410 upper explosive limit% (V / V): 57.0% explosion limit (V / V): 18.0 Solubility: miscible with water and insoluble in hydrocarbons, soluble in alcohol. Stability and reactivity: stability. INCOMPATIBILITY: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, reactive metal powders. Hazardous characteristics: its vapor and air to form explosive mixtures case of fire, high-heat combustion caused the explosion. Oyster reacts with strong oxidants. Has strong corrosive. Solubility: dissolved in water, insoluble in hydrocarbons, soluble in alcohol. HCOOH, also known as formic acid, is a colorless, fuming, while stimulating odor of flammable liquid with a strong corrosive acid with water, ethanol, ethyl ether, glycerol and other corrosive and compatibility with spicy spicy acidity of the volatile liquid, formic acid was first proposed by J.-L. cover – Lussac obtained by acid decomposition. 1855 ~ 1856, M. Berthelot and carbon monoxide with sodium hydroxide to be prepared directly from sodium, T. Godwin – Schmidt, the first method by hydrolysis obtained from sodium formate. This method began in Europe in 1896 for industrial production, this method still has a small batch production. Scientific American design company in 1980, Bethlehem Steel and Leonard successfully developed the production of methanol carbonylation method for formic acid and formic acid 20kt factory has an annual production. In addition, formic acid oxidation may also be light oil recovery of acetic acid by-products obtained.
Edit this paragraph Preparation
Preparation of other chemicals (especially acetic acid) in the process, a large number of formic acid as a by-product is produced. However, such preparation is far from the formic acid can not meet the current needs, some are direct production of formic acid. Under the action of the alkali, the reaction of methanol and methyl carbon monoxide: CH3OH + CO → HCOOCH3 in industrial production, the reaction in the liquid state and under pressure. The typical reaction conditions of 80 degrees C and 40 atmospheres. Base for the widely used sodium methoxide. Hydrolysis of methyl formate by formic acid. HCOOCH3 + H2O → HCOOH + CH3OH hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a lot of water to ensure the reaction smoothly. Some manufacturers use an indirect means of hydrolysis, the first reaction of methyl formamide and ammonia, and sulfuric acid by acid hydrolysis of formamide: HCOOCH3 + NH3 → HCONH2 + CH3OH 2HCONH2 + 2H2O + H2SO4 → 2HCOOH + (NH4 ) 2SO4 This technique has its drawbacks, especially in the handling of by-product ammonium sulfate. Some manufacturers recently developed a class of energy-saving methods, about a large number of acid hydrolysis from the aqueous solution directly extracted. In one method (used by BASF), the formic acid under the effect of organic base were extracted by the wet method. Prepared in the laboratory, the acid can be heated in anhydrous oxalic acid in glycerol, and then steam distilled. Another preparation method (must be carried out in the hood) is different in acetonitrile under hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. C2H5NC + 2H2O → C2H5NH2 + HCOOH Preparation of isocyanide was obtained from the ethylamine and chloroform. (Isocyanide too unpleasant odor that the reaction must be carried out in a fume hood.)
Industrial production method
Industrial production are Sodium acid method, formamide method, butane (or light oil) liquid phase oxidation process and methyl formate hydrolysis of four routes. Sodium acid method is the traditional production methods, but the poor working conditions, pollution is serious. Many industrialized countries have eliminated the law, but the vast majority of formic acid production enterprises in China still use this method. Germany’s BASF method developed technology formamide high production costs, subsequently eliminated. Butane (or light oil) liquid phase oxidation process is a production of heat and power while acetic acid production methods, production of 1t of each acetic acid, formic acid by-product of 0.05 ~ 0.25t, 70s of last century was the main method of foreign production of formic acid, Later, with the low pressure methanol carbonylation acetic acid synthesis technology, industrialization, the development of the law is no longer the future, and now most of the butane (or light oil) liquid-phase oxidation device has been successively discontinued. At present, the foreign production of mainly methyl formate hydrolysis, accounting for 80% of the total capacity of formic acid. Methyl formate hydrolysis process: (1) CO carbonylation of methanol and methyl formate synthesis; (2) hydrolysis of methyl formate and methanol, methanol recycling. Process according to the different features of the Act can be divided into Kemira-Leonard technology, Bethlechem Stell process, BASF process technology and USSR. Kemira-Leonard technological features is the use of a unique alkoxide additives added to the catalyst, the reaction pressure to cut in half, hydrolysis using pre-mixed and flash technology, a large number of methyl formate in the flash is steamed inside, formic acid separation column in the low reflux ratio, low temperature, short contact time under the operation, formic acid and then esterification rate of less than 0.1%. The process in 1982 in Finland Kemira’s 20,000 t / a unit on industrialization, then the company has improved Kemira, respectively, in South Korea, India and Indonesia device applications. Bethlechem Stell process is characterized by liquid phase hydrolysis reaction carried out in uniform, mild reaction conditions, simple process, equipment reliability, can produce high-purity acid. Hydrolyzate ratio generally is water: methyl = 3:1 ~ 1:3, 10% methanol by-product. The process by U.S. companies and Bethlechem Stell SD company in the joint development of the last century 80′s success. BASF carbonylation process operating conditions and process technology similar to Kemira-Leonard, whose main feature is the use of special solvent methyl formate hydrolysis as the extraction solvent, methyl formate conversion rate, operating pressure of formic acid separation tower, the tower is less acid voltage towers, 30% can reduce the amount of steam, but the process operation more difficult. The process in 1981 in Ludwigshafen, Germany’s 10,000 t / a unit on industrialization. USSR is characterized by two-stage process continuous hydrolysis reaction, the use of strong acid ion exchange resin as acid catalyst, the disadvantage is more difficult to process operation, the investment is higher. Reaction temperature 55 ~ 62 ℃, water: methyl = 14:1 (mol), 87% conversion rate of methyl formate, formic acid purity of 86.5%. The law in Ukraine Saratov in 1989 set 40000 t / a unit on industrialization. Allegedly, the four hydrolysis process their own strengths, to Kemira-Leonard technology investment most provinces, the most economical and reasonable process. Hydrolysis of methyl formate as the current process in the production process requires a lot of process water, production costs for product separation high end, manufacturers and formic acid in the development of more effective separation technology. For example, Kemira companies have proposed using the catalytic effect of hydrolysis and absorption of solid ion exchange material, while in the methyl formate hydrolysis, separation of methanol and formic acid; BASF Corporation under the conditions proposed in the mild hydrolysis of the methyl formate, formic acid and the After separation of methyl formate, benzyl formate to use, such as separation of formic acid and methyl formate extraction and pumping of wastewater proposed recycling and so on. Line in the development of new technologies, the main research lines are: (1) formic acid precursor – methyl preparation, the field of catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol, methanol oxidative dehydrogenation, CO2 and methanol and hydrogen condensation, synthesis Direct synthesis gas, etc., of which methanol carbonylation to methyl formate dehydrogenation process and catalyst of methanol to methyl formate process more domestic and foreign research in recent years, a certain industrial applications. (2) one-step direct oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid catalyzed formation. The technology developed by BIC V-Ti-O catalyst, the temperature range is about 100 ~ 140 ℃, the initial selectivity of formic acid can reach about 96% to 98%, catalyst production rate of formic acid 70g / L · h, the current The method has been done in the laboratory experiments and pilot. (3) CO2 Hydrogenation to take a direct formic acid. The technology from the mid-90s, the use of ruthenium catalyst, in 20.5MPa, 50 ℃ and the synthesis of formic acid under the presence of triethylamine. From an environmental point of view, the development of this route has some significance, but there is a long distance away from the industrialization, the progress is, and still at a basic stage of exploration.
Overseas market
The four largest manufacturers of formic acid production capacity: the German company BASF (193,000 t / a); Finland Kemira, Inc. (80,000 t / a); Russian Techmashimpor Corporation (80,000 t / a); the British company BP (65,000 t / a); which is used by the British BP, light oil liquid phase oxidation, the remaining three are used methyl formate hydrolysis. Abroad for better development and utilization of formic acid, the scope of application has expanded each year, also increasing the amount of formic acid. Acid consumption abroad is the biggest leather, used for tanning and leather processing, to prevent mildew. The second largest use is in agriculture, to save the green fodder and grain. Europe, Asia Pacific and the Americas, the demand for a ratio of 4:2:1 formic acid, Europe (including Africa and the Middle East) of the acid excess capacity is exported to the Americas and Asia-Pacific net exporter. Formic acid in 2004 the global demand for 43 ~ 45 million t / a, expects global demand for formic acid at an annual 2% to 3% growth, with Europe in great demand as a feed additive, the average annual growth rate will reach 8% to 10%. The main reason is from 2006, the European Union to fully disable the non-prescription diet antibiotics. Experts predict that the region is very broad application prospects of formic acid, at present, formic acid is mainly used in the area of natural rubber coagulant, the future of the feed market in Asia will have a great momentum of growth.
Domestic Production Status and Market Forecast
Since 1989, China’s production of acid by sodium, as of March 2006 statistics, a total of more than 60 manufacturers, with a total installed capacity of about 240,000 t / a, which Feicheng ACID Chemical Company (60,000 t / a ), Nanjing YPC joint venture plant (50,000 t / a), Jinan Chemical Plant (20,000 t / a) and Xin’anjiang chemical plant (10,000 t / a) using methyl formate hydrolysis process, the rest are sodium Law Technology , lower production levels, higher material and energy consumption. The consumption of formic acid gradually increased over the years. Currently, the domestic market consumption of formic acid is about 15 million t, the consumption ratio of 50% for pharmaceutical, chemical 15%, 13% of pesticides, rubber chemicals, 9%, other 13%. Formic acid is one of China’s traditional export products, of which 80% of export Southeast Asia, 12% of export to Europe, the rest of Oceania. Formic acid in China in recent years, rapid growth in exports, particularly export growth rate of nearly two years a larger export volume in 2004 was 14,100 t, 2005 exports amounted to 27,300 t, compared with an increase of 93.6% in 2004, almost doubled. It is reported that Feicheng ACID is Asia’s largest chemical company formic acid production enterprises, the acid of the total export volume has accounted for 85% of exports. R & D in China in the formic acid has also carried out some work, for example, FEICHENG ACID chemical companies in the introduction of U.S. technology companies methyl amine hydrolysis process, after its own innovation, the catalyst has been successful domestically, formed with independent intellectual property rights of technology; Southwest Chemical Industry Research & Design Institute Ministry of Chemical Industry, Kunming University of Science and other units to develop a “system of formic acid yellow phosphoric tail gas purification technology,” the recovery of phosphorus gas purification, by Oxo or converted into synthesis gas, then obtained high quality, low cost products, formic acid is formic acid yellow phosphorus production of industrial waste gas treatment and a major technological innovation. Currently there are some devices are built or proposed, such as Guizhou, 20,000 t / a (under construction, scheduled for completion in 2006, methyl Law), Shandong Luxi Chemical Co., Ltd. Industrial Park, 20000 t / a (positive investment , methyl formate hydrolysis method). With the vigorous development of China’s livestock industry, formic acid as silage and crop storage agents, preservatives will have a larger potential market. With the great attention of domestic environmental protection, formic acid in the tanning and dyeing industry of better market prospects. In recent years, some foreign companies have started to transfer to China formic acid production, such as BASF and the Chinese joint venture built in Nanjing YPC 50000 t / a carboxylic acid unit, has become a large-scale joint petrochemical plant in Nanjing, part of the United States AAT companies the formic acid production focus to China, therefore, our process uses sodium competitive pressures faced by the small device may need to continuously improve the production level, reducing material consumption, energy consumption, improve product quality, to increase the overall level of formic acid production.
Edit the main purposes of this paragraph
Formic acid is one of basic organic chemical raw material, widely used in pesticides, leather, dyes, pharmaceuticals and rubber industries. Formic acid can be
Directly used for fabric processing, leather tanning, textile dyeing and green fodder storage, can be used as metal surface treatment agent, rubber chemicals and industrial solvents. In organic synthesis for the synthesis of various ester and acridine dyes and formamide series of pharmaceutical intermediates. Specifically as follows: (1) pharmaceutical industry: caffeine, dipyrone, aminopyrine, aminophylline, theobromine, borneol, vitamin B1, metronidazole, mebendazole. (2) Pesticide Industry: triadimefon, triadimefon, tricyclazole, three ammonia yl, triazophos, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, insecticidal ethers, dicofol, write purine and so on. (3) Chemical industry: calcium formate, sodium formate, ammonium, potassium, ethyl formate, barium formate, dimethyl formamide, formamide, rubber antioxidant, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, epoxidized soybean oil, ring octyl oxygen soybean oil, special e chloride, paint remover, phenolic resin, steel pickling and so on. (4) Leather industry: leather tanning set deliming agent and neutralizing agent. (5) Rubber industry: natural rubber coagulant. (6) Other: You can also create printing coal agent, fiber and paper, dyes, processing agents, plasticizers, food preservation and animal feed additives. (7) Preparation of CO. Chemical formula: HCOOH (concentrated H2SO4 catalyst) heated = CO + H2O
Edit this paragraph risk
Hazard Class: pathways: health hazards: The main cause of skin and mucous membrane irritation. Contact can cause conjunctivitis, eyelid edema, rhinitis, bronchitis, and might cause acute chemical pneumonia. Formic acid concentration after oral administration of oral and gastrointestinal mucosal erosion, causing vomiting, diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding, or even due to acute renal failure or respiratory failure and death. Skin contact can cause inflammation and ulcers. Occasional allergic reactions. Environmental hazards: a hazard to the environment, can cause pollution of water bodies. Explosion risk: It can burn, a strong corrosive, irritant, can cause the body burns.
Edit this paragraph first aid measures
Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing, wash with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Medical treatment. Eye contact: immediately filed eyelid, with plenty of water or saline thoroughly washed at least 15 minutes. Medical treatment. Inhalation: rapidly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, artificial respiration. Medical treatment. Ingestion: Wash out mouth, to blues or egg white. Medical treatment. Fire-fighting measures hazardous characteristics: flammable. The vapor and air can form explosive mixtures case of fire, high-heat combustion caused the explosion. With the strong oxidant chemical reactions can occur. Has strong corrosive. Hazardous combustion products: carbon monoxide. Fire fighting methods: Firemen must wear full protective clothing, wearing breathing apparatus the fire. Water cooling containers to keep the fire, and water spray protection to the plugging of the staff. Extinguishing agents: foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.
Edit this paragraph spill emergency
Emergency treatment: rapid withdrawal from air leakage personnel to a safe area, and isolation and strict restrictions on access [1]. Cut off the fire source. Recommended emergency personnel wearing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, wear acid proof overalls. Do not direct contact with leakage. Cut off the source of leakage as possible. Prevent from entering sewers, flood discharge trench so restrictive space. A small leak: sand or other non-combustible materials, adsorption or absorption. You can also sprinkle ground soda ash, and then rinse with plenty of water, diluted into the wastewater system. Large leak: to build a causeway or trenching asylum. Foam coverage, lower vapor disasters. Water-spray cooling and dilution steam. Pump to transfer tankers or exclusive collector, recycling or shipped to the waste disposal sites.
Edit this paragraph Handling and storage
Handling Precautions: closed operations, enhance ventilation. The operator must go through specialized training, strict compliance with operating procedures. Proposed operators wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), wear rubber acid suit, wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Away from fire, heat, non-smoking workplace. Use explosion proof ventilation systems and equipment. To prevent vapor leakage into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidants, bases, active metal powder contact. Handling of light when light unloading, packaging and containers to prevent damage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment and emergency equipment leakage. Empty containers may remain hazardous materials. Storage: Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Away from fire and heat. Storage temperature does not exceed 30 ℃, relative humidity of not more than 85%. Keep container closed. Should oxidants, bases, active metal powder stored separately and avoid mixing reservoir. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. Storage areas should be equipped with emergency spill handling equipment and suitable host material.
Edit this paragraph Exposure controls / personal protection
Occupational exposure limit Chinese MAC (mg/m3): not established the former Soviet Union MAC (mg/m3): 1 TLVTN: OSHA 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3; ACGIH 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3 TLVWN: ACGIH 10ppm, 19mg/m3 monitoring methods: gas chromatography engineering control: production process confined to enhance ventilation. Provide safety shower and eyewash equipment. Respiratory protection: its vapor may come into contact, must wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), or self-priming long tube mask. Emergency rescue or evacuation, it is recommended to wear breathing apparatus. Eye protection: Respiratory Protection has been protective. Physical protection: wear rubber acid suit. Hand protection: wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Other protection: work site prohibit smoking, eating and drinking. After work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Edit this paragraph Stability and reactivity
Stability: INCOMPATIBILITY: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, reactive metal powders. Avoid contact with the conditions: polymerization hazards: Decomposition products:
Edit this paragraph toxicological information
Acute toxicity: LD50: 1100 mg / kg (rat oral) LC50: 15000 mg/m3, 15 min (rat inhalation) sub-acute and chronic toxicity: irritation: rabbit eyes: 122mg, severe stimulation. Open Rabbit percutaneous stimulation test: 610mg, mildly stimulating. Ecological Information Other harmful effects: the substance of the environmental hazards, should pay special attention to water pollution. Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Method: dispose of by burning. CAS No.: 64-18-6 methanol carbonylation first carbon monoxide and methanol at 80 ℃ and 4MPa conditions, the reaction of sodium methoxide as a catalyst to produce methyl formate, and then in the presence of acid catalyst, the methyl at 90 ~ 140 ℃ and 0.5 ~ 1.8MPa conditions methanol and formic acid hydrolysis, obtained by separating and refining the concentration of 85% formic acid. Returns carbonylation of methanol reactor. Reaction is as follows: CO + CH3OH ─ → HCOOCH3 HCOOCH3 + H2O ─ → HCOOH + CH3OH as ester hydrolysis reaction is reversible, so they can first make a ester with ammonia in 80 ~ 100 ℃ and 0.4 ~ 0.6MPa under the reaction of a amide, and then at 85 ℃ with 70% sulfuric acid continuous hydrolysis. 】 【Packing and Storage: plastic drum (25kg 250kg) acid is a flammable liquid storage and transportation should be avoided away from heat exposure, rain, avoid ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric together, kept in a cool, dry, ventilated place.
Edit this paragraph MIB
Operations management
Closed operations, enhance ventilation. The operator must go through specialized training, strict compliance with operating procedures. Proposed operators wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), wear rubber acid suit, wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Away from fire, heat, non-smoking workplace. Use explosion proof ventilation systems and equipment. To prevent vapor leakage into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidants, bases, active metal powder contact. Handling of light when light unloading, packaging and containers to prevent damage. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment and emergency equipment leakage. Empty containers may remain hazardous materials.
Storage Management
Stored in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Away from fire and heat. Storage temperature does not exceed 30 ℃, relative humidity of not more than 85%. Keep container closed. Should oxidants, bases, active metal powder stored separately and avoid mixing reservoir. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. Storage areas should be equipped with emergency spill handling equipment and suitable host material.
Transport management
Rail transport should be in strict accordance with the Ministry of Railways, “Dangerous Goods Code” in the loading of dangerous goods equipped with tables. Time of shipment to complete packaging, loading should be safe. During transport to ensure that the container does not leak, did not fall, do not fall, no damage. Strictly prohibited and oxidants, bases, reactive metal powders, food chemicals such as mixed, mixed operation. Transport The transport vehicles should be equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment and emergency equipment leakage. Transit should be anti-exposure, rain, anti-high temperature. According to the provisions road transport routes, do not stay in residential areas and densely populated areas.
Waste Management
Disposal by incineration.
Exposure controls
Occupational exposure limit Chinese MAC (mg/m3): not established the former Soviet Union MAC (mg/m3): 1 TLVTN: OSHA 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3; ACGIH 5ppm, 9.4mg/m3 TLVWN: ACGIH 10ppm, 19mg/m3 monitoring methods: gas chromatography engineering control: production process confined to enhance ventilation. Provide safety shower and eyewash equipment. Respiratory protection: its vapor may come into contact, must wear self-absorption filter respirators (full cover), or self-priming long tube mask. Emergency rescue or evacuation, it is recommended to wear breathing apparatus.
Personal Protection
Eye protection: Respiratory Protection has been protective. Physical protection: wear rubber acid suit. Hand protection: wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Other protection: work site prohibit smoking, eating and drinking. After work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.

Directory

About the control information of sodium hydroxide
Name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Characters
Save
Use
Security measures
Basic information
NaOH features
Use NaOH
NaOH industrial system of law
Produced a small amount of sodium hydroxide
Precautions for use and storage
Technical indicators of solid sodium hydroxide
NaOH impact on the environment a health hazard
Two, toxicology information and environmental behavior
NaOH emergency treatment and disposal methods a leakage contingency
Second, the protective measures
Third, first-aid measures
Introduction to the chemical nature of sodium hydroxide NaOH regulatory information
Name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Characters
Save
Use
Security measures
Basic information
NaOH features
Use NaOH
NaOH industrial system of law
Produced a small amount of sodium hydroxide
Precautions for use and storage
Technical indicators of solid sodium hydroxide
NaOH impact on the environment
A health hazard two, toxicology information and environmental behavior of emergency treatment and disposal methods NaOH
A leakage contingency Second, the three protective measures, emergency measures to expand the chemical properties of NaOH, sodium hydroxide Profile Edit this paragraph
Regulatory information
Sodium hydroxide (corrosion) of the goods under the “Precursor Chemicals Management Regulations” by the public security departments control.
Name
Chinese name: sodium hydroxide Chinese Synonyms: caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda
Chemical formula
NaOH
Molecular weight
40.00
Characters
Melt white granules or strips, are often made of small pieces. Easy to absorb moisture and carbon dioxide in the air. 1g dissolved in 0.9ml water, 0.3ml boiling water, 7.2ml of anhydrous ethanol, 4.2ml of methanol, soluble in glycerol. Soluble in water, ethanol or mixed with acid solution generated when the intense heat. Showed a strong alkaline solution. The relative density of 2.13. Melting point 318 ℃. Boiling point 1390 ℃. Median lethal dose (mice, ip) 40mg/kg. Corrosive.
Save
Sealed in dry place.
Use
Widespread application of the basic analytical reagent. Preparation of standard alkali. A small amount of carbon dioxide and moisture absorbent. Acid neutralization. Sodium salt manufacturing.
Security measures
Airtight packaging, storage in a cool dry place. And acids, easy (may) Equal combustible storage sub-delivered. Skin (eye) contact, mobile water rinse. Ingested, rinse mouth with water, drink milk or egg white.
Edit this paragraph the basic information
Chemical formula: NaOH (commonly known as caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda) Chinese pronunciation: qīng yǎng huà nà (shaojian) sodium hydroxide Enlargement
English name: Sodium Hydroxide English nickname: Sodium Hydrate, Caustic Soda, Lye (liquid) Molecular weight: 40.01 Molecular Weight: 40g/mol CASRN :1310-73-2 EINECS Registry Number :215 -185-5 density: 2.130 g / cm ³ ; melting point: 318.4 ℃ water solubility: easily soluble in boiling water solution was colorless: 1390 ℃ base dissociation constant (Kb) = 3.0 reciprocal base dissociation constant logarithmic (pKb) = -0.48 lethal dose: 40mg/kg hydroxide secondary identification sodium method: adding MgCl2, produce white precipitate. Flame reaction, the flame yellow.
Edit this paragraph NaOH features
There is a strong corrosive, water absorption, can be used as desiccant, however, can not dry and sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen chloride and other acid gases. (Reaction with acid gases.) And deliquescent in the air and liquid (water and dissolved by the phenomenon, is a physical change); soluble in water, and release a lot of heat. Can phenolphthalein red, blue to purple litmus test solution, are strong bases. Corrosive to aluminum material, non-corrosive plastic. Just a few minutes on the air, it will absorb moisture and become liquid poison. Its melting point is 318.4 ℃. In addition to soluble in water, the sodium hydroxide is also soluble in ethanol, glycerol; but insoluble in ether, acetone, liquid ammonia. The fluid is a colorless, liquid astringency and a greasy feel. Sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide in the air response may degenerate 2NaOH + CO2 ==== Na2CO3 + H2O Sodium (Na) reacts with water (reaction with water, apply the beaker and the beaker sealed glass, reaction time block sodium floating on the water, melting into a ball, swim in the water, the “hissing” sound, and resultant splash), generate strong alkaline NaOH solution NaOH crystals enlarge
And release hydrogen. Solid NaOH to OH in the OH covalent bond, Na and OH to strong ionic binding, soluble in water dissociation degree of close to 100%, so the solution is strongly alkaline, colorless phenolphthalein test solution can turn red , or the PH test paper, litmus solution, such as purple and blue. Pure anhydrous sodium hydroxide is white translucent, crystalline solid. Sodium hydroxide soluble in water, solubility increases with increasing temperature, dissolved a lot of heat when released, 288K up when the concentration of its saturated solution 16.4mol / L (1:1). It has astringent and a greasy feel aqueous solution, the solution is strongly alkaline, with acid reaction, with all the continuity of alkali. Commercial solid and liquid caustic soda are two types: pure white solid caustic soda, a block, sheet, rod-like, granular, friable; pure liquid caustic soda is colorless and transparent liquid. Sodium hydroxide is also soluble in ethanol, glycerol; but insoluble in ether, acetone, liquid ammonia. Fiber, skin, glass, ceramics and other corrosive effect, dissolved or diluted concentrated solution will release heat; and occurs in the inorganic acid and the reaction can also produce a lot of heat, generates the corresponding salts; with aluminum and zinc, non-metallic release reaction of boron and silicon, hydrogen; with chlorine, bromine, iodine and other halogen disproportionation reaction. Precipitation of metal ions from aqueous solution as hydroxides; can grease saponification reaction occurs to produce the corresponding sodium salt of organic acids and alcohols, which is to remove the oil on the principle of the fabric. Note: Sodium hydroxide out on the air as long as it will quickly absorb the liquid water molecules become toxic.
Edit NaOH purposes of this paragraph
Extensive use of sodium hydroxide in the chemical experiment, in addition to other reagents used, because it has a strong water absorption, can be used as basic desiccant. Sodium hydroxide is widely applied in the national economy, many industries need to sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is used the most chemicals manufacturing sector, followed by paper, aluminum, tungsten refining, rayon, rayon and soap manufacturing. In addition, in the production of dyes, plastics, pharmaceutical and organic intermediates, the regeneration of the old rubber, metal sodium, water electrolysis and the salt production, preparation of borax, chromium salt, potassium permanganate, phosphate, etc., but also to use a large number of caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide for industrial use should meet the national standard GB 209-2006; industrial ion-exchange membrane caustic soda should meet the national standard GB / T 11199-89; chemical sodium hydroxide should be consistent with national standards GB 11212-89; consumption of hydrogen sodium oxide shall meet the national standard GB 5175-85. Photosynthetic carbon dioxide experiment. In industry, often referred to as caustic soda, sodium hydroxide, or caustic soda is called, caustic soda. This is because the darker the sodium hydroxide solution spilled on the skin, will corrode the skin, causing burns. Dissolution of its proteins, there is a strong irritant and corrosive (due to their bags of goods on the eggs NaOH
Dissolution of white matter, compared with acid burns, alkali burns more difficult to heal.) Dropping by 0.02% solution of rabbit eyes, can cause corneal epithelial damage. Intraperitoneal LD50: 40 mg / kg, rabbit oral LDLo: 500 mg / kg. Dust irritate the eye and respiratory tract, erosion of nasal septum; splashed on the skin, especially mucous membrane splash, can produce soft crust, and can penetrate deep tissue, leaving scars after burns; splash in the eyes, not only damage the cornea, but also make deep eye tissue damage, severe cases can cause blindness; Coverage can cause gastrointestinal burns, colic, mucosal erosion, vomiting, stomach contents bloody, bloody diarrhea, and sometimes occurs Sheng Ya, difficulty swallowing, shock, gastrointestinal perforation, the stomach may occur late intestinal stenosis. Due to the strong alkaline, can cause pollution of water bodies, on plants and aquatic organisms should be noted.
Edit this paragraph NaOH industrial production method
A: (1) filtered seawater (2) by adding excess sodium hydroxide to remove calcium and magnesium ions, filtered Ca2 + +2 OH? = Ca (OH)? ↓ (Ca (OH) 2 slightly soluble, can appear turbidity) Mg2 + +2 OH? = Mg (OH)? ↓ (3) use of reverse osmosis membrane production technology out of salt water in the SO? 2? (4) adding an excess of sodium carbonate to remove calcium ions, excess barium ions, filtered Ca2? + CO ? 2? = CaCO? ↓ Ba2? + CO? 2? = BaCO? ↓ (5) by adding appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid to remove excess carbonate ion 2H? + CO? 2? = CO? ↑ + H? O (6) heat get rid of carbon dioxide (7) into the ion exchange column to further remove the calcium and magnesium ions (8) electrolytic electrolytic 2NaCl +2 H2O == == H? ↑ + Cl? ↑ +2 NaOH
Edit this paragraph produced a small amount of sodium hydroxide
You can find some sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) (better if sodium carbonate), find more of calcium oxide (lime) (food packaging generally used for water absorbent have a small bag, such as seaweed package ah something). Put the lime in the water after reaction into a stone mortar, the sodium bicarbonate (or sodium carbonate) solid particles (concentrated solution is also OK) by adding lime in order to ensure the purity of the product sodium hydroxide is required to make excessive lime reasons: reference calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate solubility. Stirring speed up its response, wait until the reaction after a while, put it aside for a moment, with the precipitation of calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide supernatant is carefully poured can be. If you need a moment of pure point can be heated, part of the water evaporates, which can be relatively pure sodium hydroxide. CaO + H2O ==== Ca (OH) 2 NaHCO3 + Ca (OH) 2 ==== CaCO3 ↓ + NaOH + H2O Ca (OH) 2 + Na2CO3 ==== CaCO3 ↓ +2 NaOH 2Na +2 H2O ==== 2NaOH + H2 ↑
Edit this paragraph precautions for use and storage
Sodium hydroxide, a corrosive
? “Chemical Safety Management of Dangerous Goods Ordinance (February 17, 1987 the State Council)”, “Chemical Safety Management of Dangerous Goods Regulations Ordinance (of Labour [1992] No. 677)”, “the provisions of the workplace safe use of chemicals ( [1996] No. 423 Ministry of Labor) “and other regulations for the safe use of hazardous chemicals, production, storage, transport, handling, etc. are made by the corresponding provisions;” commonly used classification of dangerous chemicals and signs (GB 13690-92 ) “the substance classified in category 8.2 alkaline corrosive substances;” diaphragm caustic soda production and technical regulations (HGA001-83) “,” mercury technical regulations on production of caustic soda (HGA002-83) “special provisions were made. Come in contact with caustic soda should wear protective equipment, work clothes or work cloth cap or appropriate application of synthetic materials. Work operator must wear overalls, face masks, protective glasses, rubber gloves, rubber aprons, rubber boots and other long-barreled PPE. Should be painted a neutral and hydrophobic ointment on the skin. When contact with caustic soda flake or granular, in the workplace should be ventilation, indoor air, the maximum allowable concentration for the Chinese MAC 0.5 mg / m (as NaOH), the United States ACGIH TLVC 2 mg / m 3. Possible exposure to dust, must wear headgear electric powered air purifying respirators and dust. When necessary, wear breathing apparatus. The operator must go through specialized training, strict compliance with operating procedures. Proposed operators wear headgear electric powered air purifying respirators and dust, wear rubber acid suit, wear rubber gloves, acid and alkali. Away from flammable and combustible materials. To avoid dust. Avoid contact with acid. Handling of light when light unloading, packaging and containers to prevent damage. Equipped with emergency equipment leakage. Empty containers may remain hazardous materials. If you want to maintain a solid sodium hydroxide required to put it in a sealed container with desiccant. Dilution or preparation of the solution should be the base is added to water to avoid boiling and splashing. Handling the spill should wear protective glasses and gloves, sweep slowly down to a lot of water, ground water rinse, diluted sewage into the wastewater system. Lye contact with skin, can be 5 to 10% magnesium sulfate solution to clean; if splashed into eyes, immediately wash with large amounts of boric acid aqueous solution; a small amount of ingested immediately with vinegar, 3 to 5% acetic acid or 5% hydrochloric acid, a large number orange or lemon juice, etc and, to drink egg white, milk or vegetable oil and quickly for medical treatment, contraindications emetic and gastric lavage. NaOH crystal morphology
Solid sodium hydroxide can be loaded into 0.5 mm thick steel drums in the strict closure, barrel weight does not exceed 100 kg; plastic bags or brown paper bag outside the second floor in the full opening or openings drums; thread mouth bottle, Lid pressure port glass bottles, plastic bottles or metal (cans) outside the ordinary wooden box; thread mouth bottle, plastic bottle or tin-plated sheet steel barrel (can) take full floor grid boxes, fibreboard or plywood boxes; tinplate drum (cans), metal (cans), plastic bottles, or outside the corrugated metal hose. Containers to be complete, sealed, there should be a clear “corrosive substance” signs. Rail transportation, steel drums available gondola transport. Time of shipment to complete packaging, loading should be safe. During transport to ensure that the container does not leak, did not fall, do not fall, no damage, moisture and rain. Containers found rust, cracks, holes and other phenomena of melting Tangshui, immediately replace the use of packaging or early shipments, containers, tin solder can damage repair. With flammable or combustible material is prohibited, acids, food chemicals and other mixed mixed operation. Transport The transport vehicles should be equipped with emergency equipment leakage. Shall not flammable and acid during storage or shipment. Fire, water, sand and all kinds of fire extinguishers to fight the blaze, but fire fighters should be noted that after the corrosive caustic soda dissolved in water.
Edit this paragraph, the technical indicators of solid sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide indicators project
 
 Indicators of the actual target actual target actual target actual
Sodium hydroxide NaOH ≥ 99.0 99.30 98.0 98.80 96.0 96.50 95.0 95.8
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 ≤ 0.90 0.40 1.0 0.5 1.4 0.50 1.6 0.70
Sodium chloride NaCl ≤ 0.15 0.03 0.6 0.2 2.8 2.60 3.2 3.1
Iron oxide Fe2O3 ≤ 0.005 0.002 0.008 0.003 0.01 0.003 0.02 0.003
Save chemical laboratory to the attention of the solid sodium hydroxide reagent bottle seal to prevent exposure to the air or absorb water and carbon dioxide deliquescence reaction. Salt solution by electrolysis of caustic soda, or sodium carbonate with milk of lime was obtained by. NaOH modification: 2NaOH + CO ?==== Na? CO? + H? O (so can not use it dry CO?, SO?, H? S and HCl gas) test whether the deterioration NaOH: 1. Dropwise dilute hydrochloric acid Na ? CO? + 2HC l ==== 2NaCl + H? O + CO? ↑ have 2 bubbles are bad. adding calcium hydroxide Na? CO? + Ca (OH )?==== CaCO? ↓ + 2NaOH produce white precipitate is the deterioration 3. add calcium chloride Na? CO? + CaCl ?==== CaCO? ↓ + 2NaCl NaOH produced a white precipitate is the modification can also remove oil, grease hoods can be with its good removal, this process is the alkaline hydrolysis of oil to produce high fatty acid salts and glycerin (glycerol), also known as saponification reaction!
Edit this paragraph, the environmental impact of NaOH
A health hazard
Bottled NaOH
Pathways: inhalation, ingestion. Health Hazard: This product has a strong incentive and corrosive. Dust or fumes can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, nasal septum erosion; skin and eyes with NaOH direct contact will cause burns; oral intake can cause digestive tract burns, mucous membrane erosion, bleeding and shock.
Two, toxicology information and environmental behavior
Hazardous characteristics: This product does not burn a lot of water and steam heat to form a corrosive solution. The occurrence and reaction with acid and heat. With corrosion. Combustion (decomposition) products: Toxic fumes may be harmful.
Edit this paragraph NaOH emergency treatment and disposal methods
A leakage contingency
Isolation leakage polluted area, located around the warning signs, the proposed emergency personnel wearing gas masks, wearing chemical protective clothing. Do not direct contact with the spill, with clean shovel collection in a dry clean covered containers in a small amount of NaOH added a lot of water, adjusted to neutral, then into the wastewater system. Can also use a lot of water rinse, diluted Add Water Wastewater System. If large spills, recycling or collection of goods bagged sound NaOH
Waste treatment.
Second, the protective measures
Respiratory protection: wear protective masks when necessary. Eye protection: Wear protective chemical safety glasses. Protective clothing: wearing overalls (anti-corrosion material). Hand protection: wear rubber gloves. Other: work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Third, first-aid measures
Skin contact: rinse immediately with plenty of water, then coated with 3% -5% of the boric acid solution. Eye contact: immediately filed eyelid, mobile or saline irrigation water for at least 15 minutes. Or rinse with 3% boric acid solution. Medical treatment. Inhalation: rapidly from the scene to fresh air. Artificial respiration when necessary. Medical treatment. Ingestion: as soon as possible with things like protein toxic clean the mouth, such as milk, yogurt and other milk quality items. Patients immediately clear mouthwash, oral administration of diluted vinegar or lemon juice, a doctor. Fire fighting methods: mist of water, sand, carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
Edit this paragraph, the chemical properties of NaOH
1, NaOH is a strong base, with a base of all gender. Standard sodium hydroxide titration
(1) in aqueous solution, ionizing a large number of OH?: NaOH = Na? + OH? (2) energy and acid reaction, NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O (3) energy and some acidic oxide reaction, 2NaOH + SO2 ( less than )==== Na2SO3 + H2O NaOH + SO2 (excessive )==== NaHSO3 ① (① generated Na2SO3 and water and excessive reaction of the SO2 NaHSO3) 2NaOH + SO3 ==== Na2SO4 + H2O 2NaOH +3 NO2 = === 2NaNO3 + NO + H2O (4) sodium hydroxide solution and aluminum reaction, 2Al + 2NaOH +2 H2O ==== 2NaAlO2 +3 H2 ↑ (and, in less than the amount of NaOH when the reaction is 2Al +6 H2O === (NaOH) === 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H2 ↑) (5) Preparation of weak base can be alkali, NaOH + NH4Cl ==== NaCl + NH3 · H2O (6) can and some salt reaction, 2NaOH + CuSO4 === Cu (OH) 2 ↓ + Na2SO4 (7) NaOH is highly corrosive. (8) NaOH to absorb carbon dioxide. Reaction process is as follows: 2NaOH + CO2 ==== Na2CO3 + H2O (CO2 few) NaOH + CO2 ==== NaHCO3 (CO2 excess) (9) NaOH with silica reaction, SiO2 + 2NaOH ==== Na2SiO3 + H2O ( Therefore, the stopper and glass bottles and sticky and difficult to open) (10) can react with the indicator continuity 』『 base case of colorless phenolphthalein red (too thick sodium hydroxide also cause fading of phenolphthalein), met purple Blue litmus test solution (11) on the air, easy deliquescence. It should be placed in a dry environment can also be used to dry gases.

Acidity regulator also known as pH regulator, is used to maintain or change the pH of the substance of food acidity regulator
. It is mainly used to control all of the required food acidifier, alkali and salts have a buffer. Acidifier to enhance the quality of food has many features, such as changing the acidity of foods and maintain and improve its flavor; enhance antioxidant, to prevent food spoilage; and heavy metal ion complexation, to prevent oxidation or browning reaction with stable color, reduce the turbidity, enhanced gelling properties and so on. Acidifier are – given anti-microbial effect, although a separate acid to antibacterial, antiseptic required too much concentration, sensory characteristics of food, hard practice, but when in sufficient concentration, the choice of some other preserved acidifier methods such as refrigeration, heating and use, can effectively extend the shelf life of food. As for the choice of different acids, depending on the nature and cost of acid. Sour with a pH value of stimulation threshold to said inorganic acid acidity threshold of about 3.4 to 3.5, organic acids, sour threshold between 3.7 to 4.9. PH value of most food value in between 5 to 6.5, although the acid, but no sour feelings, if the pH value of 3.0 below the sour feeling strong, difficult to taste. Acidity regulator of its food requirements by the effective application of the main characteristics of control, usually in the role of organic acids and salt with the main buffer. Also, because many organic acids are normal constituents of food, or participation in the body’s normal metabolism, and therefore safe and widely used. Licensing of approved varieties of acidity regulator. However, with foreign license to use, compared to similar species there is a certain gap. Variety of organic acids is mainly the lack of salt. However, the important thing is to strengthen the current application development, should make full use of existing varieties, for different food materials, developed with their different characteristics of the popular flavor of food.

Chinese name: English name of cyclohexanol: cyclohexanol 2 Chinese name: English name of six hydrogen phenol 2: hexahydrophenol CAS No.: 108-93-0 Molecular formula: C6H12O Molecular Weight: 100.16 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the main ingredients: pure appearance and character: colorless with camphor odor, crystal or liquid. Melting point (℃): 25.2 Boiling point (℃): 160.9 Relative density (water = 1): 0.9624 Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.45 Vapor Pressure (kPa): 0.13 (21 ℃) heat of combustion (kJ / mol) : 890.7 Flash point (℃): 67 Ignition Temperature (℃): 300 refractive index: 1.465 Solubility: slightly soluble in water, can dissolve in alcohol, ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, carbon disulfide, oils and so on. Main use: used for making adipic acid, plasticizer and detergent, etc., are also used solvents and emulsifiers. Health Hazards: Under normal production conditions, the possibility of acute poisoning caused by steam inhalation small. This product is in the air when the concentration of 40mg/m3, human eyes, nose and throat have a stimulating effect. This liquid product can stimulate the skin, contact can cause dermatitis, but very slowly absorbed through the skin. Oral intake of toxicity. Explosion risk: The product burning, with irritation. Hazardous characteristics: case of fire, combustible high fever. Can react with oxidants. In case of high fever, increased pressure within the container, there is cracking and explosion.

      Market segments of this report from the use of nickel sulfate heptahydrate, downstream products, production status at home and abroad, the potential of domestic manufacturers, foreign manufacturers and the scale of domestic production trends and forecast market conditions, supply and demand analysis and forecasting, pricing and import export performance, distribution of domestic and foreign markets, domestic demand and contact manufacturers, foreign demand for Chang Jia and many other statistics and potential customers in terms of nickel sulfate heptahydrate Di market conditions and a detailed Lunshu Fazhanfangxiang Zuo, can Zuowei 7 market Xiaoshou nickel sulfate , customer development, product processing and other aspects of important reference information.

      The last part of the report of nickel sulfate on the seven technology development, investment, production and sales guidance put forward suggestions.

Chapter I: Introduction of nickel sulfate heptahydrate

      Section I: Product Overview

      Section II: Product Description

      Section III: Physical and Chemical Properties

      Section IV: Technical Indicators

Chapter: 7 Nickel sulfate production process and technical progress at home and abroad

      Section I: Introduction foreign and domestic production technology

      Section II: domestic and international core production technology details

              1) Process Principles

              2) process

              3) Process

              4) Equipment List

              5) post Dingyuan

              6) cost accounting

              7) Environmental protection

              8) technology features

              9) Product quality standards

              10), project feasibility analysis

      Section III: Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various production methods

      Section IV: Recent Advances in production technology

Chapter III: use of nickel sulfate heptahydrate

      Section I: Summary of purpose

      Section II: Analysis of downstream products

      Section III: Application of the latest progress at home and abroad

Chapter IV: 7 of nickel sulfate production situation and manufacturers at home and abroad

      Section I: domestic production situation

      Section II: the scale of domestic manufacturers and

      Section III: the scale of foreign manufacturers and

      Section IV: Trends of domestic production

Chapter Five: Market nickel sulfate heptahydrate

      Section I: Market Analysis and Forecast

      Section II: Analysis and Forecast of supply and demand

      Section III: Price Analysis

      Section IV: Imports and Exports

Chapter: Sales Planning nickel sulfate heptahydrate

      Section I: Distribution of domestic and foreign markets

      Section II: domestic demand and contact manufacturers

      Section III: manufacturers and foreign demand contact

      Section IV: Analysis of potential customers

Chapter VII: nickel sulfate heptahydrate technology development, investment, production and sales of Notes

      Section I: Technology Development Notes

      Section II: Investment Note

      Section III: Production Notes

      Section IV: Product sales Attention

Chapter VIII: References

Annex I: Bing Qi Chemical Network Profile

Annex II: Report of the ordering process

Annex III: Contact

Table 1: basic properties of nickel sulfate heptahydrate

Table 2: Specifications of nickel sulfate heptahydrate

Table 3: nickel sulfate heptahydrate Equipment List

Table 4: Production of nickel sulfate heptahydrate estimated costs and benefits

Table 5:2010 seven years of domestic producers of nickel sulfate and scale of production statistics

Table 6:2010 seven years abroad, the manufacturer of nickel sulfate and scale of production statistics

Table 7:2003 -2 009 years, seven years of global production of nickel sulfate Statistics

Table 8:2010 -2 014 years, seven years, global demand forecast of nickel sulfate

Table 9:2010 seven years of domestic primary production of nickel sulfate latest prices

Table 10: Seven of nickel sulfate in the application of industry market share

Table 11: Seven of nickel sulfate and contact manufacturers of domestic demand

Table 12: Foreign demand for nickel sulfate heptahydrate manufacturers and Contact

Table 13: Nickel sulfate heptahydrate operating companies at home and abroad

Figure 1: 7 Flow chart of the production of nickel sulfate

Figure 2: Nickel sulfate heptahydrate in the international market, market share by region

Figure 3:2003 -2 009 years, seven years, the trend of global production of nickel sulfate

Figure 4:2010 -2 014 years, seven years, global production of nickel sulfate Trend Forecast

Figure 5: the chemical structure of nickel sulfate heptahydrate or product images

Figure 5-n: 7 downstream products of nickel sulfate chemical structure or product images

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